{ "url": "https://bestseoskills.hashnode.dev/8171-bisp", "score": 6, "summary": { "missing": 2, "warnings": 2, "notices": 3 }, "caches": [ "Website", "Cloudflare", "Browser" ], "headers": { "date": { "value": "sun, 26 jul 2026 14:22:25 gmt", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "The date and time at which the request was made. A browser uses it for age calculations rather than using its own internal date and time; e.g. when comparing against Max-Age or Expires." } ] }, "content-type": { "value": "text/html; charset=utf-8", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "The type of the message body, specified as a MIME type." } ] }, "accept-ch": { "value": "sec-ch-ua-bitness, sec-ch-ua-arch, sec-ch-ua-full-version, sec-ch-ua-mobile, sec-ch-ua-model, sec-ch-ua-platform-version, sec-ch-ua-full-version-list, sec-ch-ua-platform, sec-ch-ua, ua-bitness, ua-arch, ua-full-version, ua-mobile, ua-model, ua-platform-version, ua-platform, ua", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "The Accept-CH header asks the browser to include extra device and browser metadata on future requests. Client Hints are the structured, opt-in successor to the User-Agent string. Instead of one large string, the server explicitly requests the individual pieces it needs (CPU architecture, platform, browser version, etc.). The browser sends these as separate Sec-CH-* headers on subsequent requests." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "" } ] }, "cf-mitigated": { "value": "challenge", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "Indicates that Cloudflare intercepted this request and took action before it reached the origin server. The value tells you what kind of action was taken: challenge means a CAPTCHA or JavaScript challenge was served, block means the request was blocked entirely. When this header is present, the response is from Cloudflare, not from the origin server." } ] }, "content-security-policy": { "value": "default-src 'none'; script-src 'nonce-e8qogacjzh5ombp3gumqu1' 'unsafe-eval' https://challenges.cloudflare.com; script-src-attr 'none'; style-src 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com; connect-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com; frame-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com blob:; child-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com blob:; worker-src blob:; form-action http: https:; base-uri 'self'", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "The Content Security Policy (CSP) header helps prevent cross-site scripting (XSS), clickjacking, and other code injection attacks by specifying which dynamic resources are allowed to load." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "default-src sets the default policy for fetching resources like JavaScript, images, CSS, fonts, AJAX requests, frames, HTML5 media." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "script-src specifies valid sources for JavaScript. This includes not only URLs loaded directly into <script> elements, but also things like inline script event handlers (onclick) and XSLT stylesheets which can trigger script execution." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "base-uri defines what URLs can be used in the <base> element." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "style-src defines what CSS stylesheets are allowed to be loaded." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "img-src defines what images and favicons can be loaded." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "worker-src defines what worker scripts (e.g. Worker, ServiceWorker or SharedWorker) can be loaded and executed." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "frame-src defines what <frame> and <iframe> elements can be loaded." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "child-src defines what <frame>, <iframe> or workers can be loaded." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "form-action defines what URLs can be used for form submissions." }, { "severity": "notice", "message": "Consider adding the upgrade-insecure-requests directive to automatically upgrade HTTP requests to HTTPS, helping to prevent mixed content issues." }, { "severity": "notice", "message": "unsafe-inline in style-src allows inline styles. This is common and lower risk than inline scripts, but nonces or hashes provide stronger protection." }, { "severity": "warning", "message": "unsafe-eval allows eval() and similar dynamic code execution, which can be exploited for XSS. Consider refactoring code to avoid eval()." } ] }, "server": { "value": "cloudflare", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "Identifies the software used by the origin server to handle the request (e.g. Apache, Nginx, Cloudflare)." }, { "severity": "notice", "message": "Consider removing or minimizing the Server header. Even without a version number, it reveals the server software, which aids reconnaissance." } ] }, "critical-ch": { "value": "sec-ch-ua-bitness, sec-ch-ua-arch, sec-ch-ua-full-version, sec-ch-ua-mobile, sec-ch-ua-model, sec-ch-ua-platform-version, sec-ch-ua-full-version-list, sec-ch-ua-platform, sec-ch-ua, ua-bitness, ua-arch, ua-full-version, ua-mobile, ua-model, ua-platform-version, ua-platform, ua", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "On a browser's very first visit, it doesn't yet know which Client Hints the server wants. Accept-CH asks the browser to include them on future requests, but Critical-CH goes further: if the browser didn't send these hints, it must immediately retry the request with them included, before rendering anything. Every hint listed in Critical-CH must also appear in Accept-CH." } ] }, "cross-origin-embedder-policy": { "value": "require-corp", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "Controls whether this page can load resources (images, scripts, iframes) from other origins. When set, every cross-origin resource must explicitly opt in (via a Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy header or CORS) before this page can load it. This protects those other origins: by requiring their consent, the browser ensures their resources aren't exposed to Spectre-style timing attacks from this page. Setting this header (together with Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin) is also required to enable powerful features like SharedArrayBuffer and high-resolution timers." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "require-corp means this page can only embed same-origin resources, or cross-origin resources that explicitly consent by sending a Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy: cross-origin header (or the equivalent CORS headers). Resources without that consent are blocked." } ] }, "cross-origin-opener-policy": { "value": "same-origin", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "Controls whether other pages can access this page's window object (and vice versa) when opened via window.open() or by navigating to a new page. Without this header, a malicious page could open your site and retain a reference to its window, enabling script-based attacks through the shared browsing context. Setting this to same-origin severs that link for cross-origin pages. Note: COOP governs top-level documents and popups, not iframes. Use X-Frame-Options or CSP frame-ancestors to control iframe embedding." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "same-origin isolates this page completely. Cross-origin pages that open this page (or are opened by it) will get window.opener set to null and cannot script each other. This is the strictest and most secure option." } ] }, "cross-origin-resource-policy": { "value": "same-origin", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "Controls which origins are allowed to load this resource (e.g. embed this image, load this script). This prevents other sites from hotlinking your resources and is how a resource signals its consent to be loaded by pages that use Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "same-origin means the resource can only be loaded by documents from the same origin." } ] }, "origin-agent-cluster": { "value": "?1", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "When set to ?1, tells the browser to give this page its own isolated process or memory space, keyed by origin rather than site. This prevents pages on different subdomains (e.g. sub.example.com and example.com) from sharing a browsing context, improving security isolation at the cost of losing document.domain access between subdomains." } ] }, "permissions-policy": { "value": "accelerometer=(),camera=(),clipboard-read=(),clipboard-write=(),geolocation=(),gyroscope=(),hid=(),magnetometer=(),microphone=(),payment=(),publickey-credentials-get=(),screen-wake-lock=(),serial=(),sync-xhr=(),usb=(),xr-spatial-tracking=*", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "Controls which browser features and APIs (camera, microphone, geolocation, payment, USB, etc.) this page and its embedded iframes are allowed to use. Each feature is set to an allowlist of origins; an empty list () disables the feature entirely. This is a defense-in-depth measure: even if an attacker injects script via XSS, they cannot access the restricted APIs." } ] }, "referrer-policy": { "value": "same-origin", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "When a visitor navigates from one page to another page, browsers often pass along referrer information. The Referrer-Policy header controls how much referrer information a browser can share. This is important because private information can be embedded in the path or query string." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "same-origin means that the full URL (protocol, host, port, path and query string) is shared for same-origin requests. For cross-origin requests, no referrer information is shared at all." } ] }, "server-timing": { "value": "chlray;desc=\"a2140e7149dfb49c\"", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "Exposes server-side performance metrics (e.g. database query time, cache lookups, total processing time) to the browser. These metrics appear in the browser's DevTools Network tab, making it easier to diagnose slow responses without needing server-side log access." } ] }, "x-content-type-options": { "value": "nosniff", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "The X-Content-Type-Options header prevents browsers from guessing a response's content type. Without it, browsers may interpret files differently than intended, which can lead to security vulnerabilities." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "The value nosniff is correctly set." } ] }, "x-frame-options": { "value": "sameorigin", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "X-Frame-Options prevents this URL from being embedded in an iframe. This protects against clickjacking attacks." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "sameorigin allows this page to be displayed in an iframe on the same origin. This is the recommended setting." } ] }, "report-to": { "value": "{\"group\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800,\"endpoints\":[{\"url\":\"https://a.nel.cloudflare.com/report/v4?s=dbatwy0g5nvl77e6ppyyc9udrhge2zsrbbe5wc%2fmwf26e%2bj5rjukf1juznbpp6t0s0jalvwfpsmxl9l35pm49r2wuxlhzqcx9crqume9wvcoba1hynkffbeh3xfe08%2fkmcvoausk9kyh3ve6\"}]}", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "The Report-To header defines where browsers should send error reports. It sets up named reporting endpoints that other headers (like NEL and Content-Security-Policy) reference when they need to send violation or failure data." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "group defines the reporting group. Groups allow reports to be grouped logically; e.g. there could be a group for network errors and a second group for browser feature deprecation reports." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "max_age defines the number of seconds the browser should remember these settings. Prevents the browser from having to parse the JSON on each request." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "endpoints defines one or more URLs where the reports need to be sent to. Multiple URLs can be specified for failover and load-balancing. Endpoints can be assigned a weight to distribute load, with each endpoint receiving a specified fraction of the reporting traffic. Endpoints can also be assigned a priority to set up fallback collectors." } ] }, "nel": { "value": "{\"report_to\":\"cf-nel\",\"success_fraction\":0.0,\"max_age\":604800}", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "The NEL (Network Error Logging) header tells browsers to report network-level failures (DNS errors, TCP timeouts, TLS problems) back to the server. This means you can detect when real users fail to reach your site, even though the failure happens before your server sees a request." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "report_to defines the reporting group that reports for this NEL policy will be sent to. The reporting group details are specified in the Report-To header." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "max_age defines the number of seconds the browser should remember these settings. Prevents the browser from having to parse the JSON on each request." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "success_fraction defines the sampling rate that should be applied to reports about successful network requests. Its value must be a number between 0.0 and 1.0: 0 means no successful requests should be reported, and 1 means that every successful request should be reported." } ] }, "content-encoding": { "value": "br", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "Specifies how the resource is compressed. Not to be confused with Transfer-Encoding which specifies how the data is transferred." }, { "severity": "info", "message": "br means that the data is compressed with brotli." }, { "severity": "warning", "message": "Add a Content-Length header. The Content-Length header is required, unless the message is transported using chunked encoding. Without a Content-Length header some servers will respond with 400 (bad request) or terminate connections early." } ] }, "cf-ray": { "value": "a2140e7149dfb49c-iad", "findings": [ { "severity": "info", "message": "The cf-ray header provides a unique identifier for each request through Cloudflare. It's useful for troubleshooting and tracking requests in Cloudflare logs." } ] } }, "missing": { "strict-transport-security": { "message": "Add a Strict-Transport-Security header. The Strict-Transport-Security header or HSTS header is used to instruct browsers to only use HTTPS, instead of using HTTP. It helps enforce secure communication." }, "x-permitted-cross-domain-policies": { "message": "Add a X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies header to prevent Flash, Adobe Reader and other clients from sharing data across domains." } } }